Electron beam-induced crosslinking and nano-tin integration: a novel strategy for enhancing the mechanical, structural, and electrical properties of PVA/PVP nanocomposite films

The advancement of polymer nanocomposites with enhanced structural, mechanical, and electronic properties is crucial for next-generation materials in high-performance applications. This study explores the synergistic effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation and nano-tin (SnO₂) reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) composite films, focusing on their structural modifications and functional improvements. PVA/PVP/SnO₂ nanocomposite films were fabricated via a solution-casting method and subsequently exposed to 30 kGy of EB irradiation to assess the impact of radiation-induced crosslinking and nanoparticle incorporation. A major breakthrough in this work is the significant enhancement of polymer crosslinking due to EB irradiation, resulting in a notable increase in gel fraction and structural stability—an effect that has been underexplored in this polymer system. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed considerable changes in crystallinity and molecular interactions, contributing to improved material integrity. Additionally, the introduction of 3 wt% nano-tin effectively mitigated particle agglomeration, ensuring uniform dispersion and leading to substantial improvements in mechanical properties. Tensile testing demonstrated a remarkable increase in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break, surpassing previous benchmarks for similar polymer nanocomposites. Beyond mechanical enhancements, this study uncovers novel insights into the electronic transformations induced by EB irradiation. Optical absorption analysis revealed a decrease in the optical band gap energy and an increase in Urbach energy, indicating the formation of localized defect states that enhance charge transport. Electrical conductivity measurements further confirmed a significant increase in conductivity, highlighting a unique interplay between radiation-induced defect formation and nano-tin reinforcement—an effect not previously reported in PVA/PVP nanocomposites. These findings present a promising avenue for developing radiation-responsive polymer nanocomposites with tunable mechanical resilience, structural integrity, and electronic properties. The potential applications span across flexible electronics (e.g., advanced display technologies, wearable sensors), energy storage devices (e.g., high-performance batteries, super capacitors), and biomedical applications (e.g., radiation-sterilized biodegradable films for medical implants and drug delivery systems). Furthermore, due to their enhanced conductivity and durability, these nanocomposites hold strong potential for next-generation electromagnetic shielding materials in aerospace and telecommunications, where lightweight, radiation-resistant polymers are highly desirable. By integrating EB irradiation and nanomaterial reinforcement, this study provides a robust foundation for engineering high-performance polymer-based materials with tailored multi-functionality. The insights gained contribute significantly to the field of polymer nanocomposites, paving the way for innovative solutions in emerging industrial sectors.

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