The Historical Evolution of Urinary Catheters: Contributions From the Islamic Golden Age (9th-13th Century CE).

Objective: To explore the historical development of urinary catheters, with a particular emphasis on the contributions of key Persian and Islamic medical scholars during the Islamic Golden Age (9-13th century CE).

Methods: This historical analysis draws on primary medical texts authored by renowned physicians including Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Zahrawi, Avicenna, and Akhawayni. Descriptions of catheter construction, improvements in design, and clinical use were analyzed. In addition, comparisons were made with Greco-Roman sources to highlight original innovations introduced by Islamic physicians.

Results: The findings reveal that Rhazes enhanced catheter functionality by incorporating side perforations and recommending flexible, lead-based materials. Haly Abbas provided practical guidelines on catheter insertion and advocated tailoring catheter length to individual patient needs. Zahrawi developed specialized instruments such as the Qatatir to alleviate bladder obstructions. Avicenna emphasized the use of soft, biocompatible materials for increased patient comfort and safety. Akhawayni described a sophisticated metallic catheter device designed for efficient bladder drainage.

Conclusion: Persian physicians of the Islamic Golden Age significantly advanced catheter technology through material innovations, ergonomic designs, and methodical clinical applications. Their legacy not only laid the foundation for modern urology but also shaped the evolution of surgical practice across both the Islamic world and medieval Europe.