{"title":"通过水热预处理提高含一次性口罩的废活性污泥厌氧消化：提高甲烷产量，降低毒性","authors":"Ming Liu, Xuezhi Wang, Ting Fan, Xiaoli Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00242-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Disposable face masks (DFMs), which are essential for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, and tuberculosis, create significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal. DFMs frequently accumulate in waste-activated sludge (WAS), posing potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is typically employed to stabilize and recovery resource from WAS; however, the presence of DFMs substantially disrupts the AD process. This study explored the potential of integrating hydrothermal pretreatment (HTT) with AD to maximize methane yield while mitigating the toxicological impact of mask-derived pollutants. The HTT of polypropylene (PP) (primary constituent of masks) or masks was conducted in 100 mL stainless-steel reactors with a mass concentration of 4 g per 40 mL deionized water, heated at 2.5 °C/min to 160 °C for durations of 0.5, 1, and 2 h. HTT increased the surface roughness of PP, induced oxygenated functional groups (–OH and C=O), enhanced the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and reduced hydrophobicity and relative crystallinity, effectively addressing the limitations of enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared to untreated masks, cumulative methane production increased by 16.2%, 31.5%, and 20.8% for HTT pretreatment at 160 °C for 0.5, 1, and 2 h, respectively. Microbial community analysis indicated that HTT increased the relative abundance of specific hydrolytic-acidifying (<i>Bacteroidota</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Desulfobacterota</i>), and methanogenic bacteria (<i>Methanosaeta</i> and <i>Candidatus_Methanofastidiosum</i>) in AD process. Phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that digestates from AD of HTT mask at 160 °C for 1 h increased germination index of plants by 18.1%. This study shows HTT is a promising method for enhancing AD efficiency and lowering DFMs toxicity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 3","pages":"437 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge containing disposable face masks through hydrothermal pretreatment: improving methane production and reducing toxicity\",\"authors\":\"Ming Liu, Xuezhi Wang, Ting Fan, Xiaoli Zhao\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s42768-025-00242-5\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Disposable face masks (DFMs), which are essential for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, and tuberculosis, create significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal. DFMs frequently accumulate in waste-activated sludge (WAS), posing potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is typically employed to stabilize and recovery resource from WAS; however, the presence of DFMs substantially disrupts the AD process. This study explored the potential of integrating hydrothermal pretreatment (HTT) with AD to maximize methane yield while mitigating the toxicological impact of mask-derived pollutants. The HTT of polypropylene (PP) (primary constituent of masks) or masks was conducted in 100 mL stainless-steel reactors with a mass concentration of 4 g per 40 mL deionized water, heated at 2.5 °C/min to 160 °C for durations of 0.5, 1, and 2 h. HTT increased the surface roughness of PP, induced oxygenated functional groups (–OH and C=O), enhanced the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and reduced hydrophobicity and relative crystallinity, effectively addressing the limitations of enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared to untreated masks, cumulative methane production increased by 16.2%, 31.5%, and 20.8% for HTT pretreatment at 160 °C for 0.5, 1, and 2 h, respectively. Microbial community analysis indicated that HTT increased the relative abundance of specific hydrolytic-acidifying (<i>Bacteroidota</i>, <i>Acidobacteria</i>, and <i>Desulfobacterota</i>), and methanogenic bacteria (<i>Methanosaeta</i> and <i>Candidatus_Methanofastidiosum</i>) in AD process. Phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that digestates from AD of HTT mask at 160 °C for 1 h increased germination index of plants by 18.1%. This study shows HTT is a promising method for enhancing AD efficiency and lowering DFMs toxicity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":807,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy\",\"volume\":\"7 3\",\"pages\":\"437 - 451\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-16\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"6\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42768-025-00242-5\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","FirstCategoryId":"6","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42768-025-00242-5","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge containing disposable face masks through hydrothermal pretreatment: improving methane production and reducing toxicity
Disposable face masks (DFMs), which are essential for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, and tuberculosis, create significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal. DFMs frequently accumulate in waste-activated sludge (WAS), posing potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is typically employed to stabilize and recovery resource from WAS; however, the presence of DFMs substantially disrupts the AD process. This study explored the potential of integrating hydrothermal pretreatment (HTT) with AD to maximize methane yield while mitigating the toxicological impact of mask-derived pollutants. The HTT of polypropylene (PP) (primary constituent of masks) or masks was conducted in 100 mL stainless-steel reactors with a mass concentration of 4 g per 40 mL deionized water, heated at 2.5 °C/min to 160 °C for durations of 0.5, 1, and 2 h. HTT increased the surface roughness of PP, induced oxygenated functional groups (–OH and C=O), enhanced the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and reduced hydrophobicity and relative crystallinity, effectively addressing the limitations of enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared to untreated masks, cumulative methane production increased by 16.2%, 31.5%, and 20.8% for HTT pretreatment at 160 °C for 0.5, 1, and 2 h, respectively. Microbial community analysis indicated that HTT increased the relative abundance of specific hydrolytic-acidifying (Bacteroidota, Acidobacteria, and Desulfobacterota), and methanogenic bacteria (Methanosaeta and Candidatus_Methanofastidiosum) in AD process. Phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that digestates from AD of HTT mask at 160 °C for 1 h increased germination index of plants by 18.1%. This study shows HTT is a promising method for enhancing AD efficiency and lowering DFMs toxicity.
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