Christopher Warren, Melanie D Whittington, Lucy Bilaver, David Kratochvil, Rongzhe Liu, Arpamas Seetasith, Stella Ko, Vincent Garmo, Stacey Kowal, Sachin Gupta, Ruchi Gupta
{"title":"估计美国食物过敏的社会经济负担。","authors":"Christopher Warren, Melanie D Whittington, Lucy Bilaver, David Kratochvil, Rongzhe Liu, Arpamas Seetasith, Stella Ko, Vincent Garmo, Stacey Kowal, Sachin Gupta, Ruchi Gupta","doi":"10.1080/13696998.2025.2563462","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Food allergy (FA) imposes a large burden on patients/caregivers, but there is limited recent information on the societal economic burden of FA. We aimed to quantify this burden in the United States (US) using a health economic population cost exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prevalence-based model was adopted to estimate the US population with FA and the annual societal/patient costs of FA (in 2024 US$). The Markov model consisted of 3 mutually exclusive health states: \"avoidance (with sensitivity),\" \"full tolerance,\" and death. Inputs included published data on epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and estimated costs. The model focuses on a comprehensive societal scenario. Scenario analyses utilized a conservative costing approach, determined if the estimated burden exhibited heterogeneity across underserved populations of race/ethnicity and household income, and assessed the impact of allergen desensitization on estimated costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model estimated 16,678,832 people with ≥1 physician-diagnosed FA, an annual total societal cost of $370.8 billion, and an annual cost per patient of $22,234, which was higher for children and adolescents than adults. Societal cost was primarily attributed to indirect costs (92.7% of total cost). In the scenario analysis, conservative total societal cost was $39.6 billion; Hispanic, African American, and other races/multiracial patients had ∼3% increased cost relative to White patients; direct medical cost for the low-income group was 39.1% higher than for the high-income group; and total cost was reduced by ∼4% for each additional 10% of the population that entered the model as desensitized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a population cost exercise that incorporated a range of epidemiologically plausible explanations, we estimated the annual total societal cost of FA in the US may approach $370.8 billion, mostly from indirect costs borne by patients/caregivers during daily living. This assessment may assist population-level healthcare decision-makers in investing in measures that reduce economic burden, valuing interventions, and considering approaches to reduce economic/health disparities for underserved populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Economics","volume":" ","pages":"1669-1681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Estimating the societal economic burden of food allergy in the United States.\",\"authors\":\"Christopher Warren, Melanie D Whittington, Lucy Bilaver, David Kratochvil, Rongzhe Liu, Arpamas Seetasith, Stella Ko, Vincent Garmo, Stacey Kowal, Sachin Gupta, Ruchi Gupta\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13696998.2025.2563462\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Food allergy (FA) imposes a large burden on patients/caregivers, but there is limited recent information on the societal economic burden of FA. We aimed to quantify this burden in the United States (US) using a health economic population cost exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prevalence-based model was adopted to estimate the US population with FA and the annual societal/patient costs of FA (in 2024 US$). The Markov model consisted of 3 mutually exclusive health states: \\\"avoidance (with sensitivity),\\\" \\\"full tolerance,\\\" and death. Inputs included published data on epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and estimated costs. The model focuses on a comprehensive societal scenario. Scenario analyses utilized a conservative costing approach, determined if the estimated burden exhibited heterogeneity across underserved populations of race/ethnicity and household income, and assessed the impact of allergen desensitization on estimated costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model estimated 16,678,832 people with ≥1 physician-diagnosed FA, an annual total societal cost of $370.8 billion, and an annual cost per patient of $22,234, which was higher for children and adolescents than adults. Societal cost was primarily attributed to indirect costs (92.7% of total cost). In the scenario analysis, conservative total societal cost was $39.6 billion; Hispanic, African American, and other races/multiracial patients had ∼3% increased cost relative to White patients; direct medical cost for the low-income group was 39.1% higher than for the high-income group; and total cost was reduced by ∼4% for each additional 10% of the population that entered the model as desensitized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a population cost exercise that incorporated a range of epidemiologically plausible explanations, we estimated the annual total societal cost of FA in the US may approach $370.8 billion, mostly from indirect costs borne by patients/caregivers during daily living. This assessment may assist population-level healthcare decision-makers in investing in measures that reduce economic burden, valuing interventions, and considering approaches to reduce economic/health disparities for underserved populations.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":16229,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Medical Economics\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"1669-1681\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-12-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Medical Economics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2025.2563462\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/9/25 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Medical Economics","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2025.2563462","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/9/25 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Estimating the societal economic burden of food allergy in the United States.
Aim: Food allergy (FA) imposes a large burden on patients/caregivers, but there is limited recent information on the societal economic burden of FA. We aimed to quantify this burden in the United States (US) using a health economic population cost exercise.
Methods: A prevalence-based model was adopted to estimate the US population with FA and the annual societal/patient costs of FA (in 2024 US$). The Markov model consisted of 3 mutually exclusive health states: "avoidance (with sensitivity)," "full tolerance," and death. Inputs included published data on epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and estimated costs. The model focuses on a comprehensive societal scenario. Scenario analyses utilized a conservative costing approach, determined if the estimated burden exhibited heterogeneity across underserved populations of race/ethnicity and household income, and assessed the impact of allergen desensitization on estimated costs.
Results: The model estimated 16,678,832 people with ≥1 physician-diagnosed FA, an annual total societal cost of $370.8 billion, and an annual cost per patient of $22,234, which was higher for children and adolescents than adults. Societal cost was primarily attributed to indirect costs (92.7% of total cost). In the scenario analysis, conservative total societal cost was $39.6 billion; Hispanic, African American, and other races/multiracial patients had ∼3% increased cost relative to White patients; direct medical cost for the low-income group was 39.1% higher than for the high-income group; and total cost was reduced by ∼4% for each additional 10% of the population that entered the model as desensitized.
Conclusions: Using a population cost exercise that incorporated a range of epidemiologically plausible explanations, we estimated the annual total societal cost of FA in the US may approach $370.8 billion, mostly from indirect costs borne by patients/caregivers during daily living. This assessment may assist population-level healthcare decision-makers in investing in measures that reduce economic burden, valuing interventions, and considering approaches to reduce economic/health disparities for underserved populations.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Medical Economics'' mission is to provide ethical, unbiased and rapid publication of quality content that is validated by rigorous peer review. The aim of Journal of Medical Economics is to serve the information needs of the pharmacoeconomics and healthcare research community, to help translate research advances into patient care and be a leader in transparency/disclosure by facilitating a collaborative and honest approach to publication.
Journal of Medical Economics publishes high-quality economic assessments of novel therapeutic and device interventions for an international audience