Xavier de la Torre, Cristiana Colamonici, Dayamin Martínez Brito, Rodny Montes de Oca Porto, Francesco Botrè
{"title":"不同给药途径的尿代谢:诊断性尿标志物的选择。","authors":"Xavier de la Torre, Cristiana Colamonici, Dayamin Martínez Brito, Rodny Montes de Oca Porto, Francesco Botrè","doi":"10.1002/dta.3953","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accidental contamination by the use of transdermal applications of clostebol acetate has been proven by the monitoring of its main urinary metabolite 4-chloro-3α-hydroxy-androst-4-en-17-one (M1). This work is aimed at describing clostebol metabolism in humans and at searching for specific metabolic markers or concentration thresholds allowing for distinguishing between an oral and a transdermal administration, helping to set up adequate criteria to be adopted by the antidoping community when incidental contamination is suspected. Urine samples were collected after the administration of a single dose of clostebol acetate orally (n = 3, males), a single transdermal dose (n = 1, male), and multiple transdermal administrations (n = 3, males, and n = 3, females). After enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolism of clostebol after oral and transdermal applications was described. Ten metabolites were detected after oral administration (M1-M10), but only five (M1-M4 and M9) could be detected after transdermal applications under the assay conditions applied. The use of concentrations of any metabolite might be difficult because of the interindividual variability in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion. Instead, the ratios between M4 and M1 showed plausible results to discriminate between both administrations under the conditions described here. The intentionality of the use of one or other route of administration cannot be assessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Clostebol Metabolism by Different Routes of Administration: Selection of Diagnostic Urinary Markers.\",\"authors\":\"Xavier de la Torre, Cristiana Colamonici, Dayamin Martínez Brito, Rodny Montes de Oca Porto, Francesco Botrè\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/dta.3953\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>The accidental contamination by the use of transdermal applications of clostebol acetate has been proven by the monitoring of its main urinary metabolite 4-chloro-3α-hydroxy-androst-4-en-17-one (M1). This work is aimed at describing clostebol metabolism in humans and at searching for specific metabolic markers or concentration thresholds allowing for distinguishing between an oral and a transdermal administration, helping to set up adequate criteria to be adopted by the antidoping community when incidental contamination is suspected. Urine samples were collected after the administration of a single dose of clostebol acetate orally (n = 3, males), a single transdermal dose (n = 1, male), and multiple transdermal administrations (n = 3, males, and n = 3, females). After enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolism of clostebol after oral and transdermal applications was described. Ten metabolites were detected after oral administration (M1-M10), but only five (M1-M4 and M9) could be detected after transdermal applications under the assay conditions applied. The use of concentrations of any metabolite might be difficult because of the interindividual variability in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion. Instead, the ratios between M4 and M1 showed plausible results to discriminate between both administrations under the conditions described here. 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Clostebol Metabolism by Different Routes of Administration: Selection of Diagnostic Urinary Markers.
The accidental contamination by the use of transdermal applications of clostebol acetate has been proven by the monitoring of its main urinary metabolite 4-chloro-3α-hydroxy-androst-4-en-17-one (M1). This work is aimed at describing clostebol metabolism in humans and at searching for specific metabolic markers or concentration thresholds allowing for distinguishing between an oral and a transdermal administration, helping to set up adequate criteria to be adopted by the antidoping community when incidental contamination is suspected. Urine samples were collected after the administration of a single dose of clostebol acetate orally (n = 3, males), a single transdermal dose (n = 1, male), and multiple transdermal administrations (n = 3, males, and n = 3, females). After enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolism of clostebol after oral and transdermal applications was described. Ten metabolites were detected after oral administration (M1-M10), but only five (M1-M4 and M9) could be detected after transdermal applications under the assay conditions applied. The use of concentrations of any metabolite might be difficult because of the interindividual variability in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion. Instead, the ratios between M4 and M1 showed plausible results to discriminate between both administrations under the conditions described here. The intentionality of the use of one or other route of administration cannot be assessed.
期刊介绍:
As the incidence of drugs escalates in 21st century living, their detection and analysis have become increasingly important. Sport, the workplace, crime investigation, homeland security, the pharmaceutical industry and the environment are just some of the high profile arenas in which analytical testing has provided an important investigative tool for uncovering the presence of extraneous substances.
In addition to the usual publishing fare of primary research articles, case reports and letters, Drug Testing and Analysis offers a unique combination of; ‘How to’ material such as ‘Tutorials’ and ‘Reviews’, Speculative pieces (‘Commentaries’ and ‘Perspectives'', providing a broader scientific and social context to the aspects of analytical testing), ‘Annual banned substance reviews’ (delivering a critical evaluation of the methods used in the characterization of established and newly outlawed compounds).
Rather than focus on the application of a single technique, Drug Testing and Analysis employs a unique multidisciplinary approach to the field of controversial compound determination. Papers discussing chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunological approaches, 1D/2D gel electrophoresis, to name just a few select methods, are welcomed where their application is related to any of the six key topics listed below.