Sculpturing Cu current collector to enhance lithium metal electrochemistry

The relentless pursuit of high energy density has driven significant interest in lithium metal batteries with anode-free configuration. Despite the ultra-high theoretical capacity, the inherent electrochemical instability of lithium metal-based anode remains a critical obstacle to the commercialization. In this context, rational design of Cu current collectors with optimized architectures and interfacial properties emerges as a pivotal strategy to make full advantage of Li metal anode. Based on state-of-the-art current collector modification strategies, this review highlights three promising strategies, namely structural design of 3D frameworks to regulate lithium deposition, lithiophilic modification to homogenize nucleation behavior, and interfacial protection layers to stabilize electrode/electrolyte interfaces, all of which are critically analyzed regarding its mechanistic advantages, implementation complexity, and limitations in practical applications to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium metal batteries. The future developments are then provided, including dynamically integrating to create multi-level synergistic mechanisms, conducting in-depth investigations into the lithium deposition and solid electrolyte interphase formation, and constructing safe, high-energy-density battery systems suitable for commercialization of high energy density lithium metal batteries.