Morten Hostrup, Lukas Moesgaard, Mads Fischer, Kate Aiko Wickham, Mads Pleshardt, Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen, Jacob Bejder, Martin Thomassen, Jens J. Nielsen, Yvette Dehnes, Jens Bangsbo, Nikolai B. Nordsborg, Søren Jessen
{"title":"克仑特罗诱导瘦质量和肌肉蛋白的增加，但减弱心肺功能和肌肉β2-肾上腺素能信号的脱敏。","authors":"Morten Hostrup, Lukas Moesgaard, Mads Fischer, Kate Aiko Wickham, Mads Pleshardt, Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen, Jacob Bejder, Martin Thomassen, Jens J. Nielsen, Yvette Dehnes, Jens Bangsbo, Nikolai B. Nordsborg, Søren Jessen","doi":"10.1113/JP289023","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n <section>\n \n \n <div>The β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol is widely abused because of its purported fat-burning actions, muscle accretion properties and performance enhancing effects, and yet it remains unexplored in randomized controlled trials. In the present study, we subjected 11 healthy men (aged 18–40 years) to two 2 week cycles of oral clenbuterol (80 µg day<sup>−1</sup>) or placebo, separated by a 3 week washout. During each cycle, we assessed body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, sprint power output, cardiac left ventricular mass and intravascular blood volume. We obtained vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and analysed them for protein content, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, oxidative phosphorylation complex (OXPHOS) abundance, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) abundance and β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling. Compared to placebo, clenbuterol induced a 0.91 kg lean mass gain (95% confidence interval = 0.02–1.81, <i>P</i> < 0.05) but had no effect on fat mass. Clenbuterol reduced maximal oxygen uptake by 7% (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and exercise capacity by 4% (<i>P</i> < 0.001) but had no effects on sprint power output, left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass. Clenbuterol increased muscle protein content (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and PECAM-1 abundance (<i>P</i> < 0.05) but repressed HAD activity (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and OXPHOS complex V abundance (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Clenbuterol markedly activated muscle protein kinase A (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236) but this effect declined during the 2 week cycle. Although a 2 week clenbuterol cycle effectively induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion, it negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness, represses muscle oxidative capacity, and induces tolerance in β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation. The adverse effects of clenbuterol along with its muscle anabolic actions justify its prohibition in elite sports.\n\n <figure>\n <div><picture>\n <source></source></picture><p></p>\n </div>\n </figure>\n </div>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Key points</h3>\n \n <div>\n <ul>\n \n <li>Clenbuterol, a potent β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist, has purported fat-burning and muscle accretion properties. However, its purported effects, along with its potential adverse effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, remain unexplored in humans.</li>\n \n <li>A short 2 week clenbuterol cycle induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion in healthy young men.</li>\n \n <li>Clenbuterol induces β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling and phosphorylates RpS6<sup>Ser235/236</sup> in skeletal muscle, but this signalling response is attenuated with repeated exposure.</li>\n \n <li>Clenbuterol negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness and represses muscle oxidative capacity.</li>\n \n <li>Clenbuterol does not affect left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass.</li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":"603 19","pages":"5529-5545"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP289023","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Clenbuterol induces lean mass and muscle protein accretion, but attenuates cardiorespiratory fitness and desensitizes muscle β2-adrenergic signalling\",\"authors\":\"Morten Hostrup, Lukas Moesgaard, Mads Fischer, Kate Aiko Wickham, Mads Pleshardt, Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen, Jacob Bejder, Martin Thomassen, Jens J. Nielsen, Yvette Dehnes, Jens Bangsbo, Nikolai B. Nordsborg, Søren Jessen\",\"doi\":\"10.1113/JP289023\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n \\n <div>The β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol is widely abused because of its purported fat-burning actions, muscle accretion properties and performance enhancing effects, and yet it remains unexplored in randomized controlled trials. In the present study, we subjected 11 healthy men (aged 18–40 years) to two 2 week cycles of oral clenbuterol (80 µg day<sup>−1</sup>) or placebo, separated by a 3 week washout. During each cycle, we assessed body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, sprint power output, cardiac left ventricular mass and intravascular blood volume. We obtained vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and analysed them for protein content, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, oxidative phosphorylation complex (OXPHOS) abundance, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) abundance and β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling. Compared to placebo, clenbuterol induced a 0.91 kg lean mass gain (95% confidence interval = 0.02–1.81, <i>P</i> < 0.05) but had no effect on fat mass. Clenbuterol reduced maximal oxygen uptake by 7% (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and exercise capacity by 4% (<i>P</i> < 0.001) but had no effects on sprint power output, left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass. Clenbuterol increased muscle protein content (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and PECAM-1 abundance (<i>P</i> < 0.05) but repressed HAD activity (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and OXPHOS complex V abundance (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Clenbuterol markedly activated muscle protein kinase A (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236) but this effect declined during the 2 week cycle. Although a 2 week clenbuterol cycle effectively induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion, it negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness, represses muscle oxidative capacity, and induces tolerance in β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation. The adverse effects of clenbuterol along with its muscle anabolic actions justify its prohibition in elite sports.\\n\\n <figure>\\n <div><picture>\\n <source></source></picture><p></p>\\n </div>\\n </figure>\\n </div>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Key points</h3>\\n \\n <div>\\n <ul>\\n \\n <li>Clenbuterol, a potent β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist, has purported fat-burning and muscle accretion properties. However, its purported effects, along with its potential adverse effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, remain unexplored in humans.</li>\\n \\n <li>A short 2 week clenbuterol cycle induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion in healthy young men.</li>\\n \\n <li>Clenbuterol induces β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic signalling and phosphorylates RpS6<sup>Ser235/236</sup> in skeletal muscle, but this signalling response is attenuated with repeated exposure.</li>\\n \\n <li>Clenbuterol negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness and represses muscle oxidative capacity.</li>\\n \\n <li>Clenbuterol does not affect left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass.</li>\\n </ul>\\n </div>\\n </section>\\n </div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":50088,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Physiology-London\",\"volume\":\"603 19\",\"pages\":\"5529-5545\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP289023\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Physiology-London\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP289023\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"NEUROSCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Physiology-London","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP289023","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Clenbuterol induces lean mass and muscle protein accretion, but attenuates cardiorespiratory fitness and desensitizes muscle β2-adrenergic signalling
The β2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol is widely abused because of its purported fat-burning actions, muscle accretion properties and performance enhancing effects, and yet it remains unexplored in randomized controlled trials. In the present study, we subjected 11 healthy men (aged 18–40 years) to two 2 week cycles of oral clenbuterol (80 µg day−1) or placebo, separated by a 3 week washout. During each cycle, we assessed body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, sprint power output, cardiac left ventricular mass and intravascular blood volume. We obtained vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and analysed them for protein content, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, oxidative phosphorylation complex (OXPHOS) abundance, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) abundance and β2-adrenergic signalling. Compared to placebo, clenbuterol induced a 0.91 kg lean mass gain (95% confidence interval = 0.02–1.81, P < 0.05) but had no effect on fat mass. Clenbuterol reduced maximal oxygen uptake by 7% (P < 0.001) and exercise capacity by 4% (P < 0.001) but had no effects on sprint power output, left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass. Clenbuterol increased muscle protein content (P < 0.05) and PECAM-1 abundance (P < 0.05) but repressed HAD activity (P < 0.01) and OXPHOS complex V abundance (P < 0.05). Clenbuterol markedly activated muscle protein kinase A (P < 0.001) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236) but this effect declined during the 2 week cycle. Although a 2 week clenbuterol cycle effectively induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion, it negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness, represses muscle oxidative capacity, and induces tolerance in β2-adrenergic signalling and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation. The adverse effects of clenbuterol along with its muscle anabolic actions justify its prohibition in elite sports.
Key points
Clenbuterol, a potent β2-adrenergic agonist, has purported fat-burning and muscle accretion properties. However, its purported effects, along with its potential adverse effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, remain unexplored in humans.
A short 2 week clenbuterol cycle induces lean mass gain and muscle protein accretion in healthy young men.
Clenbuterol induces β2-adrenergic signalling and phosphorylates RpS6Ser235/236 in skeletal muscle, but this signalling response is attenuated with repeated exposure.
Clenbuterol negatively affects cardiorespiratory fitness and represses muscle oxidative capacity.
Clenbuterol does not affect left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass.
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The Journal of Physiology publishes full-length original Research Papers and Techniques for Physiology, which are short papers aimed at disseminating new techniques for physiological research. Articles solicited by the Editorial Board include Perspectives, Symposium Reports and Topical Reviews, which highlight areas of special physiological interest. CrossTalk articles are short editorial-style invited articles framing a debate between experts in the field on controversial topics. Letters to the Editor and Journal Club articles are also published. All categories of papers are subjected to peer reivew.
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