Cyanobacterial scytonemin, a potential photoprotective natural pigment: biomedical, industrial and environmental applications

A pigment called scytonemin is produced by cyanobacteria under stress conditions. It is a lipid-soluble, yellow-brown indole-alkaloid pigment that is mostly found in the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) sheaths or capsules of certain cyanobacteria. During radiation exposure, it has the potential to protect cyanobacteria from damaging UV rays due to its photoprotective properties. Because of its stability and durability, scytonemin is a good option for sunscreen compositions. Additionally, the antioxidant properties possessed by this compound help in scavenging reactive oxygen species, which is beneficial in creating medications to treat diseases linked to oxidative stress. Its stability makes it a promising biomarker for palaeoclimatological reconstructions and highlights its importance as a biosignature in astrobiology. Furthermore, its recently revealed anti-inflammatory and powerful antiproliferative capabilities, particularly the suppression of cell cycle-regulating kinases, make it an attractive pharmacophore for creating innovative therapies for hyperproliferative illnesses such as cancer. Its durability and distinct spectroscopic signal highlight its importance as a biosignature in astrobiology. Continued study into its biosynthesis, various functions, and scalable manufacturing methods is critical for its future commercialization and wider application in human welfare. This review discusses a brief overview of the biochemistry and biosynthesis of scytonemin, focusing on the biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications.