Intelligent triboelectric materials for active-sensing wearable e-skin

The seamless integration of advanced triboelectric nanogenerators with intelligent triboelectric materials provides a foundation for efficient energy harvesting and sensitive signal perception in active-sensing e-skin. Nevertheless, a systematic and hierarchical design and multifunctional integration framework for intelligent triboelectric materials is currently lacking, which makes it difficult to meet the demands of autonomous power supply and high-sensitivity perception in wearable scenarios. In this review, the molecular design and composite strategies of 1D fibers, 2D fabrics/films, and 3D gels are systematically organized from a material functionality perspective. The application value of key functional properties such as stretchability, self-healing, waterproof breathability, and biocompatibility in wearable e-skin is summarized. The latest advancements in e-skin based on intelligent triboelectric materials for applications in medical monitoring, motion sensing, and human–machine interaction are elaborated upon. Finally, an in-depth discussion of research opportunities and challenges in combining material design with system integration is provided.