Advances in glass-ceramics raw material selection-performance modulation-application expression: a review

Glass-ceramics are functional materials that transition from an amorphous to a crystalline state through controlled crystallization. These materials are highly valued for their unique microstructure and exceptional physical and chemical properties. The base glass is typically produced by quenching the melt and then reheating it to specific temperatures to promote nucleation and crystallization, often at elevated temperatures to encourage extensive crystal growth. Traditional preparation methods include melting, sintering, and sol–gel techniques, but recent advancements have introduced novel methods like 3D printing, hot pressing, and laser crystallization. These innovations offer more efficient fabrication options for precision components in specific forms. The crystal phase and microstructure of glass-ceramics play a critical role in determining their performance, with factors such as crystal size, proportion, and degree of crystallization being particularly important. These are influenced by both the crystal growth mechanisms and the chemical composition and heat treatment processes during crystallization. Even small additions of rare or transition metals can significantly impact the material’s properties, enhancing its performance in mechanical, optoelectronic, and precision instruments. This article discusses the impact of additives, performance regulation, and chemical composition on the functional properties of glass-ceramics, along with their applications and future potential.