Impact of adding nanoparticles into the oxygenated fuel blends on engine performance and emissions characteristics of NOX and PM in diesel engines: A comprehensive review

Recently, the smaller sizes of nanoparticles (1–100 nm) were used in several applications such as biotechnology, engineering, internal combustion engines and medical sciences. Furthermore, the researchers inside scientific community highlighted on using nano additives into the diesel fuel, neat biodiesel or and biodiesel blends to enhance the thermophysical properties of nanofluid, stability aspects, emission characteristics, and combustion behaviour of diesel engine. This article provides overview of the contribution several of nanoparticles in reduce engine emissions and improve the process of combustion when they adding to the oxygenated fuel blends. Different types and concentrations of nanoparticles can be adding to the fuels to improve the fuel properties by enhancing the stability and physical properties of fuel to help the transport sector in meet stringent emission regulations. The impact of nanoparticles addition to the fuels on emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO_X) and characteristics of particulate matter (PM) will be focused through collected data from the literatures that have been done along the earlier years. It is obtained that the results from adding nanoparticles to the oxygenated fuels are very encouraging because of multi-improvement in chemical and physical properties of nanofluid such as medium of high reactive for combustion, high surface to volume ratio, heat and mass transport properties. According to the several publications, it is found that the addition of nanoparticles to the renewable fuel blends reduced the emissions of NO_X and PM (concentrations and number) than to the absence nano additives into the oxygenated fuels. In contrast, large size of PM produced as proved in several publications with adding nano additives to the oxygenated fuels in comparison with neat fuel blends.