Targeting tumor immune evasion: the role of PD-L1 siRNA in advancing cancer immunotherapy.

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a CD28/CTLA-4 family member of immune checkpoint inhibitors. A lot of it is also made up of T cells worn out from being around tumors, which weakens the immune system. PD-1 binds to a protein called PD-L1, which stops T cells from fighting cancer. Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have changed how cancer is handled and have shown much potential against several types of cancer. However, there have been many accounts of bad things happening with the circulatory system in cancer patients who were being treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1. To address these issues, it has been essential to develop alternative therapeutic approaches. Using small interfering RNA (siRNAs) to target immune checkpoint molecules can activate immune cells and prevent tumor cells from suppressing these activated immune cells. However, due to the highly charged nucleic acid backbone, making safe and effective tools for delivering these molecules only to tumor cells is a necessary first step toward their future use as medicines. Using secure, biodegradable nanocarriers to give these medicines to their intended locations will improve the treatment. In this study, we discussed the importance of PD-L1 siRNA in treating various types of cancer. Finally, we discussed the problems with this method and examined the new process that can address these issues. This review aims to spark researchers' interest in enhancing PD-L1 siRNA's efficacy against cancer and addressing its therapeutic limitations.