Analyzing residents' preferences for urban heatwave-adaptation facilities and associated demographic characteristics using a discrete choice experiment

As climate change intensifies heatwaves, particularly in densely populated cities with urban heat islands, the need for effective adaptation strategies is growing. These strategies include nature-based cooling infrastructure, such as street trees, green roofs, and green walls, as well as technological cooling infrastructure, such as artificial shade structures, cool roofs, and cooling fog. However, given resource constraints and potential personal costs, a targeted approach that accounts for diverse population needs is essential. This study explores residents' preferences for urban heatwave-adaptation facilities through a discrete choice experiment in South Korea. It examines how demographic factors—including perceptions of the climate crisis, age, and outdoor activity levels—shape facility preferences. Findings reveal a strong preference for accessible facilities, especially artificial shade structures and street trees. Latent class analysis further revealed distinct groups with heightened preferences for various adaptation facilities, particularly sustainable heatwave-mitigation strategies. These findings suggest policy recommendations to improve the provision and accessibility of such measures. Further analysis shows that individuals with a heightened perception of the climate crisis tend to favor nature-based cooling infrastructure, while those with extensive outdoor activities show a generally lower preference for adaptation facilities. These results highlight the need to improve public awareness of heat risks and provide targeted adaptation measures, such as readily accessible cooling centers for those who spend considerable time outdoors, to enhance the effectiveness of heatwave-adaptation strategies. This study provides foundational data for developing strategies that address diverse community needs in mitigating urban heatwave impacts.