MaaS: Which resources are enablers, and who is being excluded?

Access to MaaS services is restricted for some population segments due to the spatial availability and to resources like mobile data, digital literacy, or vehicle-riding skills. Moreover, these services are frequently more expensive than traditional modes of transportation, which may contribute to social exclusion. This study aims to identify the resources that enable or hinder access to MaaS. These resources were identified from the literature and then included in a survey (n = 2000) conducted in Lisbon. Our results indicate that 20 to 30 % of respondents lack the necessary resources to use MaaS. However, the extent of access to MaaS is contingent upon the service or services within a MaaS bundle that a particular user is enabled to use, which is significantly influenced by their profile. We identified the main resources that provide access to MaaS and addressed the importance of providing flexibility for different enablers to increase accessibility. We conclude that public authorities should play a role in deciding where and how to provide new mobility services and that operators should consider the range of resources identified in this study to ensure broader access to the various modes of transport for a wider population segment and avoid exclusion.