Immunomodulatory effects of functional fungi and their bioactive components: a scoping review of preclinical studies

Context

Functional fungi are a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant immunomodulatory potential. Various studies have demonstrated that species such as Ganoderma, Cordyceps, Phellinus, and Pleurotus contain secondary metabolites with therapeutic effects on immune system regulation. However, there is considerable variability in the observed effects, depending on the species, the composition of bioactive compounds, and the experimental models used.

Objective

This scoping review aims to systematically examine the immunomodulatory effects of functional fungi and their bioactive compounds.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and LILACS, using 19 selected fungal genera and word truncations related to immunomodulation, such as "Immu*" and "Inflamma*". The study selection included preclinical research evaluating the impact of fungal compounds on the immune system. Data were extracted on the fungal species studied, the bioactive compounds characterized, the experimental models and techniques used, and the reported immunological effects.

Results and conclusion

The literature analysis revealed that different bioactive components can either stimulate or suppress the immune response, involving various mechanisms such as inflammation, cellular response, phagocytosis, humoral response, cytotoxicity, and antigen presentation, depending on the species, compound, and experimental conditions. Our findings provide valuable insights into the immunological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of medicinal fungi, contributing to the growing field of functional foods and nutraceuticals designed to support immune health.