Mechanistic signaling pathways of flavonoid-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy: Clinical evidence and therapeutic application

Flavonoids, a class of plant-derived polyphenolic chemicals, are being explored as potential candidates for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) therapy due to their anti-cancer properties. The review explores flavonoids' potential therapeutic applications and their impact on OSCC, evaluating clinical evidence and investigating flavonoid-induced therapy mechanisms. Recent research focusing on experimental and clinical investigations has been thoroughly analyzed to understand the flavonoid mechanisms of action in OSCC. The review also evaluated the efficacy and safety of flavonoid therapy in treating angiogenesis, invasion, apoptosis, and cell proliferation through clinical trials and case studies. Flavonoids exhibit anti-cancer actions in OSCC by modulating essential cell growth and survival signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB. Furthermore, the study suggests that targeting matrix metalloproteinases and other factors can prevent cancer cell invasion and metastasis and induce apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Flavonoids are promising therapies for treating OSCC due to their diverse modes of action, safety profile, and ability to impact critical cancer pathways. They can reduce side effects and improve patient outcomes. However, clinical trials reveal varied outcomes, necessitating further research to enhance patient selection, dosage, and formulation. Further mechanistic studies and clinical trials are needed to enhance their therapeutic efficacy.