A multi-hazard framework for resilient service and functional recovery in sustainable multi-building facilities

Enhancing the resilience of multi-building facilities under natural hazards necessitates a detailed understanding of the interdependencies between building systems and critical operational functions. This study proposes a systematic and adaptable framework to model these service-function interdependencies, aiming to support continuity planning and optimize post-disruption recovery. The framework combines a hierarchical dependency structure, stakeholder-informed mapping, and a simulation-based recovery model, tailored for facilities exposed to seismic and flood risks. The methodology was applied to a three-building facility in Montreal, Canada. Simulation results demonstrated that flood-induced disruptions produced recovery durations approximately 300 % longer than those caused by earthquakes. Access systems showed the most extensive delays, requiring up to 2545 days for restoration after floods, in contrast to 500 days following seismic events. Similar delays were observed across power, telecommunications, and other critical services under flood conditions. Function-specific recovery profiles showed a notable divergence between hazard types. After earthquakes, essential operations such as Maintenance, Shipping and Receiving, and Marine Services retained 91–92 % functionality, while areas like Manufacturing and Environmental Compliance retained 82 %. Conversely, floods caused sharper initial impairments, with Quality Control Tests retaining 50 % of operational capacity and Marine Operations, Shipping, and Maintenance functions falling to approximately 5 %. Despite the greater initial severity, flood-related recoveries followed a more uniform timeline, with most functions restored within 1000 days. These findings underscore the need for hazard-specific mitigation strategies that reflect both the nature and duration of disruption. The framework provides a scalable decision-support tool to inform service prioritization, retrofitting investments, and long-term facility management in multi-hazard contexts.