A Network Meta-Analysis of the Effects of the Choice of Exercise Mode on the Character of Children and Adolescents.

Background: To compare the effects of different exercise modalities on personality development in children and adolescents, providing support for the design of physical education programs. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1950 and 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Quality assessment was conducted using Review Manager 5.3, and network meta-analysis was performed using R Studio/Addis 1.16.6. Results: The effects varied by age group. Children: Combined exercise-cognition training was most effective in reducing anxiety and depression; game-based activities enhanced vitality. Adolescents: Tai Chi and yoga reduced anxiety, while fitness training improved vitality. Conclusion: Psychology-movement training (PMT) significantly alleviates anxiety and depression in children (50-60 minutes/session, ≥6 months) but may exacerbate depressive symptoms in adolescents. Tai Chi/yoga combined with aerobic/strength exercises reduces anxiety in adolescents. Aerobic/ strength training (4 sessions per week, 25-30 minutes per session, 50%-85% HRmax) boosts vitality and reduces hostility. Game-based activities and moderate Tai Chi/yoga (5 sessions per week, ≥30 minutes per session) significantly enhance vitality. Team training improves athletic competence but has no significant effect on emotional outcomes.