Cytotoxic Effects of Tio2 Nanoparticles Synthesized from Hordeum Vulgare L. Waste on PA-1 Cell Line: A Green Nanotherapeutic Strategy for Ovarian Cancer

The development of eco-friendly and sustainable methods for synthesizing nanomaterials has garnered significant attention for biomedical applications. Due to their effective photocatalytic activity, TiO₂ nanoparticles offer promising avenues in treating ovarian cancer, particularly targeting the PA-1 cell line. This study explored the use of TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesized using the waste of Hordeum vulgare L. as a novel therapeutic agent against the PA-1 ovarian cancer cell line. This green synthesis approach utilizes bioactive compounds from H. vulgare L., acting as natural reducing agents to form TiO₂ nanoparticles with enhanced biocompatibility and reduced environmental impact. In vitro studies demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects on the PA-1 cell line, primarily through oxidative stress and apoptosis induction. When TiO₂ nanoparticles are introduced to visible light, there is an increase in mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of apoptotic pathways by generating ROS. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy confirmed increased subsequent apoptotic events. They displayed selective toxicity toward cancerous cells, underscoring their potential for targeted therapy. The findings highlight the potential of plant-synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles as a sustainable and effective ovarian cancer treatment. This is the first report on the cytotoxic properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesized from H. vulgareL. waste, warranting further exploration in in vivo models.