来自TESS的3I/ATLAS的预恢复观测表明可能存在遥远的活动

Adina D. Feinstein, John W. Noonan and Darryl Z. Seligman
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摘要

3I/ATLAS是探测到的第三个穿越太阳系的宏观星际物体。自从它于7月1日在UT 2025首次被发现以来,数百小时的观测设备一直致力于测量这个物体的物理特性。这些观测提供了天体测量来完善轨道解,光度测量来测量颜色,旋转周期和长期光曲线,光谱学来表征彗发的组成。在这里,我们报告了美国宇航局凌日系外行星测量卫星(TESS)观测到的3I/ATLAS的恢复前光度测定。从UT 2025年5月7日到2025年6月2日,TESS几乎连续观测到了3I/ATLAS。我们使用shift-stack方法创建深度叠加图像来恢复目标。这些合成图像显示,3I/ATLAS的TESS平均星等Tmag = 20.83±0.05,19.28±0.05,绝对视星等HV = 13.72±0.35,12.52±0.35,后者与2025年7月报道的星等一致。当与哈勃太空望远镜最近获得的核大小R < 2.8 km (h> 15.4)的图像相结合时,我们的测量结果表明3I/ATLAS可能在约6 au的地方活跃。此外,我们提取了一个~ 20天的光照曲线,没有发现统计上显著的核旋转周期证据。然而,这里展示的数据是3I/ATLAS最早的一些预恢复图像,可以与未来的观测结合使用,以约束我们的第三个星际闯入者的性质。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Precovery Observations of 3I/ATLAS from TESS Suggest Possible Distant Activity
3I/ATLAS is the third macroscopic interstellar object detected traversing the solar system. Since its initial discovery on UT 2025 July 1, hundreds of hours on a range of observational facilities have been dedicated to measuring the physical properties of this object. These observations have provided astrometry to refine the orbital solution, photometry to measure the color, a rotation period and secular light curve, and spectroscopy to characterize the composition of the coma. Here, we report precovery photometry of 3I/ATLAS as observed with NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). 3I/ATLAS was observed nearly continuously by TESS from UT 2025 May 7 to 2025 June 2. We use the shift-stack method to create deepstack images to recover the object. These composite images reveal that 3I/ATLAS has an average TESS magnitude of Tmag = 20.83 ± 0.05, 19.28 ± 0.05 and an absolute visual magnitude of HV = 13.72 ± 0.35;12.52 ± 0.35, the latter being consistent with magnitudes reported in 2025 July. When coupled with recent Hubble Space Telescope images deriving a nucleus size of R < 2.8 km (H > 15.4), our measurements suggest that 3I/ATLAS may have been active out at ∼6 au. Additionally, we extract a ∼20 day light curve and find no statistically significant evidence of a nucleus rotation period. Nevertheless, the data presented here are some of the earliest precovery images of 3I/ATLAS and may be used in conjunction with future observations to constrain the properties of our third interstellar interloper.
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