The role of Moringa oleifera in enhancing fish performance and health: a comprehensive review of sustainable aquaculture applications.

This comprehensive review examines the versatile applications and effects of Moringa oleifera across multiple fish species in aquaculture systems amid growing challenges of rising feed costs and antimicrobial resistance. M. oleifera, commonly called the Miracle tree, contains an exceptional nutritional profile with high protein content (22.99-29.36% dry weight), complete profiles of essential amino acids, and remarkably elevated levels of vitamins and minerals. Its bioactive profile includes substantial quantities of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids (niazimicin, niaziminin, β-sitosterol), and glucosinolates that collectively enhance fish health and performance. Recent studies across multiple fish species demonstrate variable optimal inclusion rates (5-30%) with specific growth rates increasing 15-35% and feed conversion ratios improving 10-25% compared to controls. Physiological benefits include enhanced digestive enzyme activity, improved liver and kidney functions, and reduced cortisol levels during environmental stress. Immunologically, M. oleifera supplementation significantly increases lysozyme activity, complement C3, total IgM levels, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNFα, IL1-β, IL-6), strengthening resistance against major aquaculture pathogens including Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio species. Challenge studies demonstrate relative percent survival improvements ranging from 48 to 73% against virulent pathogens. Haematological improvements include increased erythrocyte counts, higher haemoglobin levels at moderate inclusion rates, and beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. Moringa seeds are highly effective natural water clarifiers, removing 95-99% of turbidity through cationic proteins that act as coagulants. However, their antinutritional compounds (tannins, phytates, saponins, oxalates) can harm fish at elevated levels, requiring careful dosage monitoring in aquaculture applications. This review synthesizes current evidence, identifies optimal application strategies, and provides direction for future research to maximize Moringa's potential as a sustainable, cost-effective resource for enhancing productivity, fish health, and environmental sustainability in modern aquaculture systems.