Sola Samson Emmanuel, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, Henny Akit, Muhamad Faris Ab Aziz, Eric Lim Teik Chung
{"title":"木醋作为抗生素的天然替代品：对肉鸡盲肠菌群、抗氧化状态和营养物质消化率的影响","authors":"Sola Samson Emmanuel, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, Henny Akit, Muhamad Faris Ab Aziz, Eric Lim Teik Chung","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1911-192","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Antibiotic resistance has spurred interest in alternative feed additives for poultry. Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of plant pyrolysis, contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WV supplementation through drinking water on the cecal microbial population, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 432 1-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 72 per group; 6 replicates of 12 birds each). Treatments included a negative control (T<sub>1</sub>), a positive control with 0.02% oxytetracycline (T<sub>2</sub>), and WV-supplemented groups at dilution ratios of 1:100 (T<sub>3</sub>), 1:200 (T<sub>4</sub>), 1:500 (T<sub>5</sub>), and 1:1000 (T<sub>6</sub>) in drinking water. The experiment lasted 35 days. Plasma antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC]), VFA profiles, ileal digestibility (crude protein [CP], ash, ether extract [EE]), and cecal microbial populations were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the General Linear Model and Duncan's multiple range tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>WV supplementation enhanced antioxidant status, with significant increases in GPx (T<sub>5</sub> and T<sub>6</sub>) and T-AOC (T<sub>6</sub>), while CAT and SOD remained unaffected. T<sub>5</sub> significantly elevated acetic, butyric, and total VFA levels. WV-treated birds (T<sub>3</sub>-T<sub>6</sub>) showed reduced <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Enterobacteria</i> counts and increased bifidobacteria and total bacteria compared with controls. T<sub>4</sub> showed the highest digestibility of CP, while T<sub>5</sub> significantly improved ash and EE digestibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>WV supplementation, particularly at a 1:200 dilution (T<sub>4</sub>), effectively improved gut microbial balance, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and promoted nutrient digestibility. These results support WV as a viable natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"1911-1921"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415150/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Wood vinegar as a natural alternative to antibiotics: Effects on cecal microbiota, antioxidant status, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.\",\"authors\":\"Sola Samson Emmanuel, Teck Chwen Loh, Hooi Ling Foo, Henny Akit, Muhamad Faris Ab Aziz, Eric Lim Teik Chung\",\"doi\":\"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1911-192\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Antibiotic resistance has spurred interest in alternative feed additives for poultry. Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of plant pyrolysis, contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WV supplementation through drinking water on the cecal microbial population, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 432 1-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 72 per group; 6 replicates of 12 birds each). Treatments included a negative control (T<sub>1</sub>), a positive control with 0.02% oxytetracycline (T<sub>2</sub>), and WV-supplemented groups at dilution ratios of 1:100 (T<sub>3</sub>), 1:200 (T<sub>4</sub>), 1:500 (T<sub>5</sub>), and 1:1000 (T<sub>6</sub>) in drinking water. The experiment lasted 35 days. Plasma antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC]), VFA profiles, ileal digestibility (crude protein [CP], ash, ether extract [EE]), and cecal microbial populations were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the General Linear Model and Duncan's multiple range tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>WV supplementation enhanced antioxidant status, with significant increases in GPx (T<sub>5</sub> and T<sub>6</sub>) and T-AOC (T<sub>6</sub>), while CAT and SOD remained unaffected. T<sub>5</sub> significantly elevated acetic, butyric, and total VFA levels. WV-treated birds (T<sub>3</sub>-T<sub>6</sub>) showed reduced <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Enterobacteria</i> counts and increased bifidobacteria and total bacteria compared with controls. T<sub>4</sub> showed the highest digestibility of CP, while T<sub>5</sub> significantly improved ash and EE digestibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>WV supplementation, particularly at a 1:200 dilution (T<sub>4</sub>), effectively improved gut microbial balance, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and promoted nutrient digestibility. These results support WV as a viable natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":23587,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Veterinary World\",\"volume\":\"18 7\",\"pages\":\"1911-1921\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415150/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Veterinary World\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.1911-192\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/7/17 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary World","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.1911-192","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/7/17 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood vinegar as a natural alternative to antibiotics: Effects on cecal microbiota, antioxidant status, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.
Background and aim: Antibiotic resistance has spurred interest in alternative feed additives for poultry. Wood vinegar (WV), a by-product of plant pyrolysis, contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WV supplementation through drinking water on the cecal microbial population, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.
Materials and methods: A total of 432 1-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 72 per group; 6 replicates of 12 birds each). Treatments included a negative control (T1), a positive control with 0.02% oxytetracycline (T2), and WV-supplemented groups at dilution ratios of 1:100 (T3), 1:200 (T4), 1:500 (T5), and 1:1000 (T6) in drinking water. The experiment lasted 35 days. Plasma antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC]), VFA profiles, ileal digestibility (crude protein [CP], ash, ether extract [EE]), and cecal microbial populations were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the General Linear Model and Duncan's multiple range tests (p < 0.05).
Results: WV supplementation enhanced antioxidant status, with significant increases in GPx (T5 and T6) and T-AOC (T6), while CAT and SOD remained unaffected. T5 significantly elevated acetic, butyric, and total VFA levels. WV-treated birds (T3-T6) showed reduced Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteria counts and increased bifidobacteria and total bacteria compared with controls. T4 showed the highest digestibility of CP, while T5 significantly improved ash and EE digestibility.
Conclusion: WV supplementation, particularly at a 1:200 dilution (T4), effectively improved gut microbial balance, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and promoted nutrient digestibility. These results support WV as a viable natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.
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Veterinary World publishes high quality papers focusing on Veterinary and Animal Science. The fields of study are bacteriology, parasitology, pathology, virology, immunology, mycology, public health, biotechnology, meat science, fish diseases, nutrition, gynecology, genetics, wildlife, laboratory animals, animal models of human infections, prion diseases and epidemiology. Studies on zoonotic and emerging infections are highly appreciated. Review articles are highly appreciated. All articles published by Veterinary World are made freely and permanently accessible online. All articles to Veterinary World are posted online immediately as they are ready for publication.
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