Optimizing construction scheduling using the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) with building information modeling (BIM)

This study proposes a novel method for generating construction schedules from BIM data using the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Traditional scheduling techniques, such as the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), often struggle to capture the spatial and temporal interdependencies in complex construction projects. The proposed SCA-based method addresses these limitations by optimizing construction sequencing based on both spatial and temporal constraints. In the tested BIM model, the method achieved a 100 % constructability score, meaning that all identified spatial and temporal dependencies were fully satisfied. However, this result is specific to the tested case and may not generalize to all project types. Compared to traditional methods, the SCA-based approach yielded a 15 %–20 % improvement in constructability scores, highlighting its potential for enhancing scheduling performance. The paper also discusses the challenges of extracting and using BIM data for scheduling and suggests directions for future research to improve generalizability and robustness.