Additive engineering for colloid stabilization and crystallization control in slot-die coated large-area solar modules

Scalable fabrication of homogeneous perovskite films remains crucial for bridging the efficiency gap between lab-scale solar cells and commercial solar modules. To tackle this issue, we introduce N-Cyano-4-methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide (CMPS) additives into perovskite precursors, enabling slot-die coating of large-area modules under ambient conditions. CMPS suppresses colloidal aggregation and delays crystallization, yielding high-quality uniform films. Small-area devices (0.07 cm² aperture area) incorporating CMPS exhibited a significant efficiency increase from 22.07 % to 24.58 %. Corresponding encapsulated devices maintained 85 % of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE, average 23.56 %) after 1500 h of continuous maximum power point (MPP) tracking under one-sun illumination at 50–55 °C. Furthermore, we demonstrate impressive efficiency of perovskite solar modules, achieving 20.57 % (52 cm² aperture area) for 10 cm × 10 cm mini-modules and 17.02 % (260 cm² aperture area) for 21 cm × 21 cm sub-modules, representing the state-of-the-art performance for solution-processed devices at these scales.