Nanohybrid aerogels in drug delivery: Emerging platforms for controlled and targeted therapeutics

Nanohybrid aerogels have emerged as next-generation platforms in drug delivery due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, ultra-low density, high porosity, and customizable surface functionalities. By integrating nanoscale materials such as metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and polymeric systems into aerogel matrices, these hybrid constructs exhibit synergistic properties conducive to controlled and targeted therapeutics. This review critically examines the structural attributes, classifications, and synthesis strategies of nanohybrid aerogels, emphasizing their biomedical versatility. Key fabrication methods, including sol–gel processing and advanced drying techniques, are discussed in the context of their influence on drug loading and release. The review comprehensively explores their therapeutic potential across various domains, such as oncology, antimicrobial therapy, transdermal delivery, and mucosal administration. Finally, the review highlights translational challenges, including scalability, cost-efficiency, and regulatory hurdles, while proposing future directions like AI integration and stimuli-responsive design for personalized medicine. These insights underscore nanohybrid aerogels as promising candidates in the evolution of smart drug delivery systems.