Strategic framework for overcoming barriers in renewable energy transition: A multi-dimensional review

The global transition to renewable energy is essential for reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. However, its implementation faces persistent challenges in terms of technical, economic, regulatory, social, and environmental aspects. This review synthesises these barriers and evaluates integrated solutions using a multi-dimensional analytical framework. The study employs thematic analysis of over 100 peer-reviewed articles and international reports published between 2018 and 2024, focusing on cross-sectoral innovations and policy mechanisms. Although lithium-ion batteries are widely adopted, their scalability is constrained by limited raw material availability (e.g., lithium and cobalt), high production costs, and end-of-life recycling challenges. Hydrogen storage offers 20% higher capacity, but encounters cost and infrastructure barriers. Economically, renewable installations range from $1200 to $2000/kW, which is higher than fossil alternatives. Meanwhile, licensing delays can extend project timelines by 30%. Social resistance persists due to perceived inequities in the distribution of benefits. Proposed solutions include smart grids that enhance efficiency by up to 15%, perovskite solar cells with 22% higher energy conversion rates, green financing schemes, and inclusive community engagement strategies. Case studies from Germany and China demonstrate how coordinated policies and public-private collaboration accelerate the integration of renewable energy. The novelty lies in its unified framework connecting technological innovation, governance, and equity in energy access. Findings underscore the importance of synchronising policy, infrastructure, and public participation for a just and sustainable energy transition.