Climate change, health, and wearable biosensors: Harnessing emerging technologies to bridge environmental exposures and physiological responses.

Climate change poses a growing threat to human health, increasing exposure to extreme environmental conditions. Wearable biosensors provide real-time monitoring of physiological responses to heat stress, including cardiovascular strain, thermoregulatory disruptions, sleep disturbances, and biomarkers of heat-related illnesses. These devices also assess behavioural adaptations, such as reduced physical activity, offering insights into physiological resilience and susceptibility. Wearable biosensors have broad applications in occupational health, enabling non-invasive detection of heat-related illnesses and the monitoring of air pollution impacts on respiratory and cardiovascular function. Validation studies emphasise the importance of sensor placement and multimodal analytics to enhance measurement accuracy under extreme conditions. By synchronising environmental and biometric data, these technologies support ecological momentary assessment, informing evidence-based policymaking and personalised health interventions. Despite their potential, challenges remain in ensuring equitable deployment, particularly in resource-limited settings. Issues such as affordability, data privacy, and validation across diverse populations must be addressed to enable widespread adoption. As climate change intensifies, integrating wearable biosensors into public health frameworks and adaptation policies will be essential for mitigating health risks and enhancing resilience in vulnerable populations.