Optimization on the performance parameters of micro- and nanostructured mollusc gastropod seashell waste as reflector for bifacial photovoltaic module by central composite design-based response surface methodology

Energy production from renewable resources remains a leading focus in sustainable power generation. Recently, bifacial photovoltaic (BPV) systems have gained global attention for their enhanced energy yield. In this study, seashell waste was repurposed as an alternative reflector material for BPV modules. The objective was to evaluate key performance indicators, electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of BPV modules enhanced with these reflectors. An optimization framework based on response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and fine-tune system parameters using central composite design (CCD). The influence of stirring speed, stirring time, and concentration on output characteristics such as time of flight (ToF), opacity, and hardness was thoroughly analyzed. The study utilized thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) along with real-time electrical performance testing. Results indicate that seashell-based nanocomposites outperformed micro-composites, achieving higher hardness (82.343), opacity (69.332), and ToF (34.712 s). The findings highlight the potential of seashell nanocomposites as sustainable, cost-effective reflector materials in BPV systems.