Bariami Wafae, Yamani Abdelmounaim, Mehraj Ahmad, Tingting Li
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Morphological characterization confirmed the efficacy of the treatment: TEM and FESEM images revealed uniform, rod-like nanocellulose fibrils with diameters decreasing from 36.9 ± 12.3 nm to 14.6 ± 3.7 nm, and an average aspect ratio of 11.31. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated the retention of the Cellulose I crystal structure, as evidenced by prominent peaks at 14.8°, 16.5° and 22.6°, with a high crystallinity index of 81.01% observed after 0.5 h of treatment. FTIR spectra confirmed the preservation of the cellulose backbone, while the appearance of a new ester carbonyl peak at 1720 cm<sup>−1</sup> indicated partial esterification induced by HDES. Thermal analysis showed enhanced thermal stability of the resulting NC, with a maximum decomposition temperature (<i>Td</i>) of 335 ℃. Rheological tests revealed increased shear viscosities and improved viscoelastic behavior, underscoring the material’s potential for advanced applications. This study highlights the effectiveness of the eco-friendly HDES/HSF system as a sustainable, cost-efficient, and high-performance strategy for producing structurally intact and thermally stable NC suitable for large-scale applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"High-yield extraction of nanocellulose using hydrated formic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent and high-shear homogenization (HDES/HSF)\",\"authors\":\"Bariami Wafae, Yamani Abdelmounaim, Mehraj Ahmad, Tingting Li\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11051-025-06430-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Nanocellulose (NC) is known for its excellent physicochemical properties. However, scalable, efficient, and cost-effective production methods remain a significant challenge. This study investigates a novel synergistic approach that combines a hydrated formic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent (HDES) with a high-shear force homogenization (HSF). The dual-treatment system (HDES/HSF) achieved an impressive NC yield of 97.8 ± 0.3% within 2 h, and 86.9 ± 1.2% in just 0.5 h, significantly reducing the process time compared to conventional methods. Morphological characterization confirmed the efficacy of the treatment: TEM and FESEM images revealed uniform, rod-like nanocellulose fibrils with diameters decreasing from 36.9 ± 12.3 nm to 14.6 ± 3.7 nm, and an average aspect ratio of 11.31. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated the retention of the Cellulose I crystal structure, as evidenced by prominent peaks at 14.8°, 16.5° and 22.6°, with a high crystallinity index of 81.01% observed after 0.5 h of treatment. FTIR spectra confirmed the preservation of the cellulose backbone, while the appearance of a new ester carbonyl peak at 1720 cm<sup>−1</sup> indicated partial esterification induced by HDES. Thermal analysis showed enhanced thermal stability of the resulting NC, with a maximum decomposition temperature (<i>Td</i>) of 335 ℃. Rheological tests revealed increased shear viscosities and improved viscoelastic behavior, underscoring the material’s potential for advanced applications. 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High-yield extraction of nanocellulose using hydrated formic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent and high-shear homogenization (HDES/HSF)
Nanocellulose (NC) is known for its excellent physicochemical properties. However, scalable, efficient, and cost-effective production methods remain a significant challenge. This study investigates a novel synergistic approach that combines a hydrated formic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent (HDES) with a high-shear force homogenization (HSF). The dual-treatment system (HDES/HSF) achieved an impressive NC yield of 97.8 ± 0.3% within 2 h, and 86.9 ± 1.2% in just 0.5 h, significantly reducing the process time compared to conventional methods. Morphological characterization confirmed the efficacy of the treatment: TEM and FESEM images revealed uniform, rod-like nanocellulose fibrils with diameters decreasing from 36.9 ± 12.3 nm to 14.6 ± 3.7 nm, and an average aspect ratio of 11.31. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated the retention of the Cellulose I crystal structure, as evidenced by prominent peaks at 14.8°, 16.5° and 22.6°, with a high crystallinity index of 81.01% observed after 0.5 h of treatment. FTIR spectra confirmed the preservation of the cellulose backbone, while the appearance of a new ester carbonyl peak at 1720 cm−1 indicated partial esterification induced by HDES. Thermal analysis showed enhanced thermal stability of the resulting NC, with a maximum decomposition temperature (Td) of 335 ℃. Rheological tests revealed increased shear viscosities and improved viscoelastic behavior, underscoring the material’s potential for advanced applications. This study highlights the effectiveness of the eco-friendly HDES/HSF system as a sustainable, cost-efficient, and high-performance strategy for producing structurally intact and thermally stable NC suitable for large-scale applications.
期刊介绍：
The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size.
Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.
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