Non-isocyanate polyurethane from bio-based feedstocks and their interface applications

Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) has emerged as a promising material to substitute conventional polyurethane (PU) that relies on toxic precursors—isocyanates. Aligned with the principles of green chemistry, environmental friendliness, and sustainability, NIPU from bio-based materials has gained significant interest in recent years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NIPU synthesis methods and their various classifications. It also highlights bio-based precursors in NIPU synthesis, supported by detailed case studies. Furthermore, the review explores the potential application of bio-based NIPU at interfaces such as coating, adhesive, and biomedical materials. Finally, the current limitations and perspectives on the development of bio-based NIPU are discussed.