Simultaneous determination of interleukin-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α – A key factor in early prognosis of cardiovascular diseases for obese youngsters

Cardiovascular diseases became one of the primary causes of mortality for obese young people. Determination of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, may contribute to the prognosis as well as to early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. A 3D stochastic microsensor based on single-wall carbon nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles and modified with quinine was designed, characterized, and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Wide working concentration ranges were recorded for all biomarkers, while the limits of determination were of 4.1 × 10⁻¹⁵ μg mL⁻¹ for interleukin-6, 5.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ μg mL⁻¹ for TNF-α, and 1.00 × 10⁻²¹ g mL⁻¹ for C-reactive protein, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The recovery tests shown that the biomarkers were recovered in percentages higher than 99.10 % and RSD% values below 0.03 %.