Microbial roles in sodium detoxification and silicon bioavailability for improved soil quality and plant tolerance and productivity

Global agricultural output is severely hampered by soil salinity and abiotic factors including sodium (Na⁺) toxicity. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of helpful bacteria in reducing these pressures. In order to increase soil quality and plant production, this review focuses on two particular microorganisms, Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus mucilaginosus, and their processes for improving silicon (Si) bioavailability and detoxifying sodium. Arthrobacter sp. is well-known for its capacity to break down organic compounds and generate biosurfactants that change the chemistry of soil and lessen the build-up of salt. This bacterium improves water infiltration, aeration, and soil aggregation—all of which are essential for reducing sodium toxicity. Arthrobacter sp. also produces organic acids that chelate sodium ions, keeping them from being absorbed by plant roots and lessening their harmful effects. Conversely, Bacillus mucilaginosus is excellent at solubilizing silicon compounds, increasing its accessibility for plants. It generates the organic acids and enzymes needed to decompose silicate minerals and release soluble silicon into the soil. Plants with higher Si absorption are more resilient to abiotic stressors such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, which promotes better growth and less damage from stress. Using Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus mucilaginosus in tandem offers a viable way to improve crop productivity and soil quality. These microbial treatments have been shown in field experiments to increase crop yields in saline areas, supporting sustainable farming methods. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying these bacteria's actions, such as the function of organic acids and microbial enzymes in mineral solubilization and the control of stress-related genes in plants, should be the main goal of future research. An eco-friendly way to counteract the negative effects of salt and other abiotic stresses on crops is to create microbial consortia that combine the advantages of different beneficial bacteria. This could further improve soil health and agricultural resilience.