Precision fermentation for the next generation of food ingredients: Opportunities and challenges

Precision fermentation is an advanced process of traditional fermentation wherein microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or yeast, are genetically modified to yield a desired product. It is an advanced biotechnological method for producing specific food ingredients, such as casein and citric acid. The integrity of precision fermentation lies in cutting-edge techniques that enhance the efficiency of microorganisms by inserting desired genes and in producing high-value compounds with greater efficiency. All the cutting-edge techniques involved are synergistic in terms of integration, rapid prototyping, and predictive power. Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) enhance the synthetic biology prediction and metabolic engineering, enabling iterative strain improvement cycles. Strain selection and its optimization are a strong foundation for successful precision fermentation process. Automation allows testing of several strain modifications in a short duration of time. Metabolic engineering efforts guided by AI tools help in assessing the outcome of genetic changes on production. The reliance on precision fermentation for a scalable and sustainable alternative to conventional methods has become more evident. Precision fermentation is becoming a solution for the high demand for sustainable and scalable food production methods by improving the efficiency of resources, minimizing waste production, and reducing the adverse environmental impact. In this review on precision fermentation, we have thoroughly examined recent advancements in precision fermentation techniques and their potential applications in the food industry. Additionally, the review discusses how precision fermentation can create customized food ingredients. It also addresses recent increase in consumer demand for personalized nutrition, plant-based alternatives, and allergen-free products. This present article discusses the technological advancements and the broader societal implications of precision fermentation, providing insights into how this field is poised to transform the food industry. Finally, we conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in fully utilizing the potential of precision fermentation for the future of food ingredient production.