Ammonia-to-Urea Ratio: A Noninvasive First-Line Tool for Detecting Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension

Introduction

Cirrhosis progresses from compensated to decompensated phases, often marked by portal hypertension and complications like ascites, variceal hemorrhage, and hepatic encephalopathy. The ammonia-to-urea (A-to-U) ratio, reflecting urea cycle efficiency, may offer superior diagnostic performance compared to plasma ammonia levels alone. This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of the A-to-U ratio and plasma ammonia levels for identifying portal hypertension.

Methods

We conducted a derivation (2019–2020) and validation (2020–2022) study in patients with chronic liver disease. In the derivation study, outcomes included imaging findings of portal hypertension and clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) per BAVENO VII criteria. Validation outcomes encompassed CSPH, gastroesophageal varices, and portal hypertensive gastropathy.

Results

In the derivation study (n = 180), the A-to-U ratio, but not plasma ammonia, showed high diagnostic accuracy for detecting imaging findings suggestive of portal hypertension and CSPH (A-to-U ratio > 1.53 mg/g; diagnostic odds ratio [dOR], 4.04 [95% CI, 1.98–8.24; p < 0.0001] and dOR, 5.71 [95% CI, 2.87–11.37; p < 0.0001], respectively), and this association with CSPH remained significant after adjustment for renal function. In the validation study (n = 232), an A-to-U ratio > 1.53 mg/g had a dOR of 9.42 (95% CI, 4.63–19.21; p < 0.0001) for the diagnosis of CSPH. An A-to-U ratio > 1.53 mg/g showed independent associations with esophageal varices (dOR 4.44; 95% CI, 1.44–13.72; p = 0.01) and portal hypertensive gastropathy (dOR 9.33; 95% CI 2.65–32.92; p = 0.0005), whereas the BAVENO VII criteria did not.

Discussion

Our study suggests that an A-to-U ratio > 1.53 mg/g may serve as a useful noninvasive tool for identifying CSPH, gastroesophageal varices, and portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with chronic liver disease.