Aspergillus and host-pathogen interaction: focus on treatment-relevant aspects.

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, with an expanding spectrum of at-risk populations, particularly in intensive care settings. Despite advances in antifungal pharmacotherapy, treatment outcomes remain suboptimal, and the rise of antifungal resistance highlights the need for adjunctive therapy that leverages host immune mechanisms. The pathogenesis of IA is primarily driven by impaired or dysregulated immune responses to Aspergillus species, mainly Aspergillus fumigatus. Host defence involves a complex interplay of innate and adaptive, cellular and humoral immune components. However, this response is not only intricate but also heterogenous, challenging the effectiveness of uniform treatment approaches.

Objectives: This review aims to examine the diverse roles of immune components in host-Aspergillus interactions and to explore how these insights are currently informing the development of novel immune-targeted therapies.

Sources: A thorough analysis of recent and relevant peer-reviewed literature was conducted to synthesize current understanding of Aspergillus-host interactions and the emerging therapeutic strategies derived from these insights.

Content: Following a brief overview of the immunopathogenesis of IA, we integrate findings from both preclinical models and clinical studies to evaluate the potential of immune-based therapies as adjuncts to traditional antifungal treatment. Emphasis is placed on the promise of personalized approaches tailored to individual immune profiles. We also address existing knowledge gaps and outline key directions for future research and clinical application.

Implications: A deeper understanding of host immunity in IA paves the way for more precise, effective, and personalized therapeutic strategies, with the potential to significantly improve outcomes in vulnerable patient populations. Although still in its early stages, targeted immunotherapy represents an emerging and promising perspective in infectious diseases management. Insights gained from IA may also inform the development of immune-based interventions for other opportunistic infections.