3D printing and virtual reality in the study of muqarnas: a comparative approach

This research compares how users perceive and interact with muqarnas geometry in both physical and virtual reality (VR) environments, evaluating its impact on the design process. Fifty-one participants, studying architecture or interior architecture, experienced muqarnas design through physical and digital methods. Participants utilized 3D printing for modeling and explored digital techniques through virtual reality (VR). The findings suggest that combining physical and virtual reality enhances the efficiency of architectural design learning. A quantitative research method was used to analyze the effects of the design process on both environments. Participants’ experiences were assessed through a questionnaire, and data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0.1. Results from the paired sample t-test indicate higher scores for physical 3D printing in terms of functionality, structural comprehension, ease of use, satisfaction, learning speed, effectiveness, creativity, and interactivity. Despite VR’s dynamic environment, it has limitations, such as technical requirements, adaptation, and hardware needs.