Combatting organophosphate toxicity: Novel strategies for detection, analysis, and sensor development for public health protection

The extensive use of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) worldwide poses a serious health risk due to their accumulation in humans and animals. Detecting these hazardous insecticides in environmental and agricultural samples is crucial for assessing their residual concentrations against permissible limits set by regulatory agencies across different nations. Some organophosphates, exhibit higher toxicity, necessitating advancements in modern detection techniques with improved sensitivity, expanded detection ranges, and enhanced resistance to interference. Traditional methods, including chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, offer high accuracy but are often costly, time-intensive, and require skilled operators. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of pesticides for last ten years, including their types, uses, and toxicity. It explores the current state of organophosphate insecticide detection while discussing various detection methods, emphasizing the limitations of conventional techniques and the potential of emerging nanomaterial-based sensing approaches with a special focus on electrochemical sensing and its integration with microfluidics, and portable sensing platforms highlighting recent trends and advancements.