四膜虫与微膜虫共生初期的环境依赖性互寄生过渡

Kamal Md Mostafa, Yu-Hsuan Cheng, Li-Wen Chu, Phuong-Thao Nguyen, Chien-Fu Jeff Liu, Chia-Wei Liao, Thomas Posch, Jun-Yi Leu
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引用次数: 0

摘要

互利共生是进化创新的基石,使生物能够利用单个物种无法获得的各种生态位。然而,我们对这种关系的早期进化阶段的了解仍然有限。纤毛虫四膜虫与其藻类内共生体四膜虫微锕的结合表明了光内共生的初级阶段。虽然T. triculariae细胞在低氧条件下依靠内共生藻类生长,但在高氧条件下逐渐失去内共生物质。在本研究中,比较系统基因组学揭示了水蛭线粒体DNA和核编码线粒体基因的加速进化。共生细胞显示出与内共生体密切相互作用的细长线粒体。抑制线粒体脂肪酸氧化降低了宿主的适应性,但增加了内共生菌的数量。时间序列转录组学揭示了宿主在昼夜周期中的生理微调,突出了共生相关的调节调节。与自由细胞相比,内共生藻类下调了光合作用相关基因,这与叶绿素含量降低有关,表明它们转向利用宿主资源来补偿光合能力的下降。在缺氧条件下,共生T. triculariae细胞的适应性低于非共生细胞。我们的研究结果表明,早期的内共生利用线粒体重塑和内共生代谢重编程来积极调节互惠和寄生状态之间的转变,揭示了共生伙伴关系在其进化建立的早期阶段如何应对环境压力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Environment-dependent mutualism–parasitism transitions in the incipient symbiosis between Tetrahymena utriculariae and Micractinium tetrahymenae
Mutualistic endosymbiosis is a cornerstone of evolutionary innovation, enabling organisms to exploit diverse niches unavailable to individual species. However, our knowledge about the early evolutionary stage of this relationship remains limited. The association between the ciliate Tetrahymena utriculariae and its algal endosymbiont Micractinium tetrahymenae indicates an incipient stage of photoendosymbiosis. Although T. utriculariae cells rely on endosymbiotic algae to grow in low-oxygen conditions, they gradually lose the endosymbionts in oxic conditions. In this study, comparative phylogenomics revealed accelerated evolution in mitochondrial DNA and nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes in T. utriculariae. Symbiotic cells displayed elongated mitochondria that interacted intimately with endosymbionts. Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation reduced host fitness but increased the endosymbiont population. Time-series transcriptomics revealed physiological fine-tuning of the host across day-night cycles, highlighting symbiosis-associated regulatory adjustments. Endosymbiotic algae downregulated photosynthesis-related genes compared with free-living cells, which correlated with reduced chlorophyll content, suggesting a shift toward host resource exploitation to compensate for diminished photosynthetic capacity. Under oxic conditions, symbiotic T. utriculariae cells exhibited lower fitness than aposymbiotic cells. Our results demonstrate that incipient endosymbioses employ mitochondrial remodeling and endosymbiont metabolic reprogramming to actively regulate transitions between mutualistic and parasitic states, revealing how symbiotic partnerships navigate environmental pressures during their incipient stage of evolutionary establishment.
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