{"title":"通过骨骼肌GAPDH和ACTB mRNA表达估算死亡时间。","authors":"Veena Devi, Tulika Gupta, Ujjwal Jit Kaur, Priya Mehra, Asha Rao, Ranjana Bharti, Parmod Singh, Munish Kumar, Kalu Ram","doi":"10.1002/ca.70026","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meticulous determination of the time since death (TSD) is critical in certain criminal investigations. This study aimed to identify optimal markers for TSD estimation and develop a mathematical model applicable under varying conditions. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-Actin (ACTB) mRNA levels were analyzed in 10 human skeletal muscle samples using real-time quantitative PCR at eight time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h) within 48 h postmortem at 25°C. Among the candidate markers, GAPDH demonstrated the strongest correlation with times since death. At the same time, ACTB expression remained comparatively stable across all samples and time points as identified by RefFinder (reference gene analysis tool). Mathematical equations were developed using the C<sub>t</sub> values for GAPDH, ACTB, and ΔC<sub>t</sub> (GAPDH-ACTB) and the cubic model gave the highest determination of coefficient while the error rates were low in the quadratic model. The findings indicate that ACTB is an optimal marker for estimating TSD within the 30 to 36-h postmortem interval, while GAPDH is more suitable for the 36 to 48-h period.</p>","PeriodicalId":50687,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle.\",\"authors\":\"Veena Devi, Tulika Gupta, Ujjwal Jit Kaur, Priya Mehra, Asha Rao, Ranjana Bharti, Parmod Singh, Munish Kumar, Kalu Ram\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ca.70026\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Meticulous determination of the time since death (TSD) is critical in certain criminal investigations. This study aimed to identify optimal markers for TSD estimation and develop a mathematical model applicable under varying conditions. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-Actin (ACTB) mRNA levels were analyzed in 10 human skeletal muscle samples using real-time quantitative PCR at eight time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h) within 48 h postmortem at 25°C. Among the candidate markers, GAPDH demonstrated the strongest correlation with times since death. At the same time, ACTB expression remained comparatively stable across all samples and time points as identified by RefFinder (reference gene analysis tool). Mathematical equations were developed using the C<sub>t</sub> values for GAPDH, ACTB, and ΔC<sub>t</sub> (GAPDH-ACTB) and the cubic model gave the highest determination of coefficient while the error rates were low in the quadratic model. The findings indicate that ACTB is an optimal marker for estimating TSD within the 30 to 36-h postmortem interval, while GAPDH is more suitable for the 36 to 48-h period.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":50687,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Clinical Anatomy\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Clinical Anatomy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.70026\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Clinical Anatomy","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.70026","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle.
Meticulous determination of the time since death (TSD) is critical in certain criminal investigations. This study aimed to identify optimal markers for TSD estimation and develop a mathematical model applicable under varying conditions. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-Actin (ACTB) mRNA levels were analyzed in 10 human skeletal muscle samples using real-time quantitative PCR at eight time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h) within 48 h postmortem at 25°C. Among the candidate markers, GAPDH demonstrated the strongest correlation with times since death. At the same time, ACTB expression remained comparatively stable across all samples and time points as identified by RefFinder (reference gene analysis tool). Mathematical equations were developed using the Ct values for GAPDH, ACTB, and ΔCt (GAPDH-ACTB) and the cubic model gave the highest determination of coefficient while the error rates were low in the quadratic model. The findings indicate that ACTB is an optimal marker for estimating TSD within the 30 to 36-h postmortem interval, while GAPDH is more suitable for the 36 to 48-h period.
期刊介绍：
Clinical Anatomy is the Official Journal of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists and the British Association of Clinical Anatomists. The goal of Clinical Anatomy is to provide a medium for the exchange of current information between anatomists and clinicians. This journal embraces anatomy in all its aspects as applied to medical practice. Furthermore, the journal assists physicians and other health care providers in keeping abreast of new methodologies for patient management and informs educators of new developments in clinical anatomy and teaching techniques. Clinical Anatomy publishes original and review articles of scientific, clinical, and educational interest. Papers covering the application of anatomic principles to the solution of clinical problems and/or the application of clinical observations to expand anatomic knowledge are welcomed.
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