Sustainable Strategies for Fixation of CO2 into Valuable Chemicals Catalyzed by Functionalized Porous Materials

Bulk scale utilization of CO₂ as C1 feedstock is very demanding not only from the environmental perspective, but it is very challenging for addressing the global energy crisis, carbon recycling, and sustainability. Functionalized porous materials having CO₂ adsorption sites and large internal surface areas are the ideal candidates for catalyzing the fixation of CO₂ into fuels and commodity chemicals. In this review we have highlighted the advancements made in designing different class of microporous and mesoporous materials (zeolites, mesoporous materials, MOFs, COFs, POPs, metal phosphonates, etc.) over the years for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, polycarbonates, carbamates, N-formylated amines, polyhydroxyurethanes, ureas, imidazoles, and related heterocyclic compounds through CO₂ fixation reactions. Further, direct CO₂ reduction to methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), formic acid, ethanol, etc. are particularly important in the context of renewable energy. We have discussed the catalytic role of different class of porous nanomaterials for understanding the promotional role of the reactive sites in catalyzing these CO₂ conversion reactions. Mechanistic aspects of these chemical transformations are illustrated with a major emphasis on the key factors affecting the CO₂ and substrate activation processes. Finally, the challenges faced by the researchers in achieving the desired targets in these CO₂ conversion reactions are highlighted, which could contribute significantly in carbon recycling in the future.