Recent trends of green hydrogen production via nano-photocatalysts

Hydrogen production from water sources using sunlight energy and catalysts has recently been found to be an ideal future fuel. Photocatalytic water-splitting is one of the most promising methods powered by sunlight for hydrogen production. However, the stability and scalability, catalyst degradation, and high production costs remain challenges. Through large-scale implementation of nanophotocatalysts, hybrid catalytic systems, and integration with machine learning and artificial intelligence constraints can be overcome these challenges. This Review article mainly discusses the basic principle of green hydrogen production by photocatalysis techniques by examining its features. Advancements in novel photocatalysts materials with their unique features, and green hydrogen production approaches are discussed. Additionally, the review confers how nanomaterials can significantly reduce energy losses compared to bulk one, paving the way for scalable, low-carbon hydrogen production. Besides, nano-photocatalyst durability, developing hybrid systems, and leveraging machine learning to accelerate the discovery of more efficient materials for lowering carbon footprint and driving the global transformation to clean energy. Moreover, factors that determine the property of nanophotocatalysts for hydrogen production have been summarized. Critical challenges, prospects, and the requirements for producing H₂ are also highlighted.