How does public perception influence resistance in NIMBY conflicts? — A qualitative comparative analysis of 25 cases in China

With rapid urbanization and socio-economic development since China's reform and opening up, the construction of public facilities has improved residents' quality of life but also triggered a series of NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) conflicts. Although NIMBY movements often provide vital opportunities for residents to voice their concerns, this research specifically examines conditions under which these movements escalate into severe confrontations. Drawing on qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 25 NIMBY conflict cases in China, the study identifies high hazard perception, ineffective governmental responses, and low trust in government as necessary conditions for generating strong resistance behaviors. Three distinct pathways leading to intensified conflicts are further delineated: (1) Conflict of Interests and Trust Erosion, (2) Conflict of Interests and Environmental Concerns, and (3) Trust Breakdown and Environmental Disruption. These pathways highlight the interactive and configurational nature of conflict escalation. The findings offer empirical insights that can help policymakers effectively manage public perceptions and facilitate constructive governance responses, thereby reducing the risk of severe NIMBY confrontations.