The relationship between urban flora and ecosystem services in neighborhoods with socioeconomic disparities: A model in Northeast Brazil

To mitigate climate change, many cities have implemented strategies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality, emphasizing the role of trees in carbon sequestration and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, urban vegetation is unevenly distributed, reflecting social disparities. This study analyzed the relationship between urban tree cover, ecosystem services, and socioeconomic inequalities in three neighborhoods of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, in Brazil's semi-arid region. A complete tree census was conducted, recording individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. Carbon quantification was performed through combustion in a muffle furnace and allometric equations. A total of 2235 tree individuals were recorded, revealing that 67.3 % of the species were exotic, with Azadirachta indica being the most dominant. Among the native species, Enterolobium contortisiliquum stood out for its high carbon storage and CO₂ sequestration potential, as well as its contribution to strengthening local biodiversity. The 2235 individuals in this study are capable of sequestering a total of 1748.90 tons of CO₂. Carbon content (CC) ranged from 48.1 % to 57.4 %, while organic matter (OM) values varied between 82.7 % and 98.8 % across leaves, branches, and trunks, with the highest concentrations of OM and CC found in branches. Significant differences in tree diversity and density were observed among the neighborhoods, influenced by socioeconomic factors, highlighting the luxury effect. This approach is essential for enhancing environmental quality, mitigating climate change impacts, and strengthening urban biodiversity, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and resilient cities.