Gastric equine myiasis: prevalence, pathogenesis, molecular and serological implications.

This study aimed to collect data on the most common parasites of the family equidae which is Gasterophilus spp. During this study we focused on the prevalence rate in the world; the distribution of the six known species: life cycle and the pathogenesis of the larvae inside the hosts were investigated around the world. Molecular as well as serological diagnoses were analyzed. Possible treatment strategies which were fully studied; are also, included. Gasterophilus intestinalis (G. intestinalis) and G. nasalis larvae are the main present larvae in equine; other species, such as G. haemorrhoidalis, G. inermis, and G. pecorum may be present. Although the female flies' egg-laying behavior can annoy horses and cause them to behave abnormally to escape the flies, clinical indications in equine are obtained from the presence and lesions generated by the larvae in the host's digestive tract. Oral, gingival, or lingual irritation, inflammation, or necrosis that can cause feeding difficulties, dysphagia, and, as a result, weight loss and impaired physical condition (particularly in young animals), as well as digestive disorders brought on by L2 and L3 larvae attached to the stomach or intestinal wall (inflammation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa, ulcers, gastric rupture, intramural gastric suppuration, gastroduodenal perforation and gastroeophageal reflux, peritonitis, and death).