Protocolo diagnóstico del riesgo cardiovascular y del síndrome metabólico

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the deposition of lipids in the intima layer of medium- and large-caliber arteries that causes the formation of atheromatous plaques. This process starts with endothelial dysfunction and the accumulation of oxidized LDL cholesterol followed by inflammation and cell migration. This generates a vicious cycle that increases the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Plaques can be stable or vulnerable; the latter are at greater risk of rupture, triggering thrombosis and acute arterial obstruction. Risk factors include hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, and unhealthy habits. Globally, atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting countries with limited resources more. Inflammation plays a central role in disease progression. It is mediated by macrophages and foam cells that secrete proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, mechanisms such as hypoxia and reverse cholesterol transport influence plaque stability. The clinical manifestations are systemic, notable among which are ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and renal and oncologic complications. The approach includes primary and secondary prevention by controlling risk factors and specific therapies to stabilize plaques and reduce acute events.