Functionalized nanoporous architectures derived from sol–gel processes for advanced biomedical applications

The sol–gel method is a highly versatile and precise technique, making it a powerful tool for the synthesis and functionalization of nanoporous materials that play a critical role in advancing biomedical applications. Nanoporous structures, due to their unique pore architectures and high surface areas, offer significant advantages in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, biosensing, and diagnostic technologies. These materials can efficiently encapsulate and release bioactive compounds, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and chemotherapeutic agents, making them ideal candidates for targeted therapies. The sol–gel process enables the tailored design of nanoporous materials with adjustable pore sizes, surface chemistry, and electrostatic properties, enhancing their compatibility with biological systems. Functionalization techniques, including PEGylation and surface modification with targeting ligands or bioactive molecules, further enhance their therapeutic and diagnostic potential by allowing precise targeting, reducing immune responses, and prolonging circulation times. Nanoporous materials also hold great promise in tissue engineering, where they can serve as scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix, supporting cell adhesion, differentiation, and tissue regeneration. Additionally, their large surface areas facilitate biomolecule immobilization, enabling the development of sensitive biosensors and offering advancements in disease detection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the sol–gel method for synthesizing and functionalizing nanoporous structures, underscoring their significant biomedical applications. It also delves into their promising future potential in revolutionizing drug delivery, advancing tissue engineering, and enhancing diagnostic systems.