COVID-19 Incidence and Factors Influencing Infection Risk Among People Living With HIV in Türkiye: Is Current Issue the Vaccine Hesitancy-Opposition?

Introduction: As the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic intersects with the ongoing Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) crisis, concerns have emerged regarding the susceptibility of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) to severe outcomes from COVID-19. Despite global efforts to understand the interplay between HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, research on this issue remains limited in Türkiye. This study investigates the incidence of COVID-19 among PLWH in Türkiye and factors influencing infection risk. Materials and Methods: An online survey, conducted from April to June 2023, assessed COVID-19 frequency and risk factors among PLWH aged 18 years and older in Türkiye. Demographic data such as age, gender, educational background, underlying health conditions, vaccination status, and COVID-19 infection history were collected from individuals who voluntarily participated. Results: A total of 354 PLWH from 38 cities in Türkiye participated in the study. The median age was 35.8 (range 18-76); 78% were male and 65.5% were university graduates. The rate of experienced COVID-19 among PLWH was 44.6%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that vaccinated individuals had an 84% lower risk of contracting COVID-19 among PLWH. In sum, 80 participants were not vaccinated in this study; of them, 27.5% identified as vaccine opponents and 25% expressed vaccine hesitancy. Discussion: These findings suggest that vaccination status is the key determinant of COVID-19 susceptibility among young and well-educated PLWH in Türkiye. The notable level of vaccine hesitancy and opposition of PLWH highlights the need for public health initiatives aimed at addressing misinformation and enhancing vaccine confidence. Conclusion: This study underscores the urgent need to address vaccine hesitancy and vaccine opposition among educated PLWH in Türkiye. Amid evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination remains paramount in mitigating COVID-19 risks among PLWH. Further research should delve deeper into demographic-specific vaccine concerns to optimize public health strategies and meet the unique needs of PLWH communities.