Deborah A Cohen, In-Lu Amy Liu, Aiyu Chen, Devin Teichrow, Ernest Shen
{"title":"人均公园支出与心血管疾病和其他健康结果的关系。","authors":"Deborah A Cohen, In-Lu Amy Liu, Aiyu Chen, Devin Teichrow, Ernest Shen","doi":"10.1007/s11524-025-00997-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parks have been associated with more physical activity and better health, but the relationship between health and how funds are expended for park programming, maintenance, or other expenses has not yet been investigated. For the largest 100 US cities, the average spending for parks and recreation in 2022-2023 was $126 per capita, with $37.59 per capita for programming and $63.11 per capita for maintenance. In contrast, the spending for health care in 2022 was $13,493 per capita. The goal of this study was to assess which allocations by Depts of Parks and Recreation are related to health outcomes. We tested the association between per capita spending in programming, maintenance, and total spending in 2022 by Depts. of Parks and Recreation in 10 Southern California cities and health outcomes among 732,504 adult members of Kaiser Permanente in 2022-2023 accounting for multiple factors. For every $30 per capita spent on programming, the prevalence ratios were lower: 0.87 for stroke (CI 0.84-0.90), 0.87 for heart failure (CI 0.84-0.89), 0.92 for atrial fibrillation (CI 0.90-0.95), 0.93 for coronary heart disease (CI 0.91-0.95), 0.94 for obesity (CI 0.93-0.95), 0.96 for type 2 diabetes (CI 0.95-0.97), and 0.96 for hypertension (CI 0.96-0.97). It is likely that programming has a stronger relationship than park maintenance with health outcomes because sports, exercise classes, and events (5 K walks and runs) more strongly attract park visitors and support physical activity (PA). While this novel study is promising, a longitudinal study is needed to prove causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"848-856"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484464/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Per Capita Spending on Parks and Associations with Cardiovascular Disease and Other Health Outcomes.\",\"authors\":\"Deborah A Cohen, In-Lu Amy Liu, Aiyu Chen, Devin Teichrow, Ernest Shen\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11524-025-00997-6\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Parks have been associated with more physical activity and better health, but the relationship between health and how funds are expended for park programming, maintenance, or other expenses has not yet been investigated. For the largest 100 US cities, the average spending for parks and recreation in 2022-2023 was $126 per capita, with $37.59 per capita for programming and $63.11 per capita for maintenance. In contrast, the spending for health care in 2022 was $13,493 per capita. The goal of this study was to assess which allocations by Depts of Parks and Recreation are related to health outcomes. We tested the association between per capita spending in programming, maintenance, and total spending in 2022 by Depts. of Parks and Recreation in 10 Southern California cities and health outcomes among 732,504 adult members of Kaiser Permanente in 2022-2023 accounting for multiple factors. For every $30 per capita spent on programming, the prevalence ratios were lower: 0.87 for stroke (CI 0.84-0.90), 0.87 for heart failure (CI 0.84-0.89), 0.92 for atrial fibrillation (CI 0.90-0.95), 0.93 for coronary heart disease (CI 0.91-0.95), 0.94 for obesity (CI 0.93-0.95), 0.96 for type 2 diabetes (CI 0.95-0.97), and 0.96 for hypertension (CI 0.96-0.97). It is likely that programming has a stronger relationship than park maintenance with health outcomes because sports, exercise classes, and events (5 K walks and runs) more strongly attract park visitors and support physical activity (PA). While this novel study is promising, a longitudinal study is needed to prove causality.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49964,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"848-856\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484464/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-00997-6\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/9/2 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-00997-6","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/9/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Per Capita Spending on Parks and Associations with Cardiovascular Disease and Other Health Outcomes.
Parks have been associated with more physical activity and better health, but the relationship between health and how funds are expended for park programming, maintenance, or other expenses has not yet been investigated. For the largest 100 US cities, the average spending for parks and recreation in 2022-2023 was $126 per capita, with $37.59 per capita for programming and $63.11 per capita for maintenance. In contrast, the spending for health care in 2022 was $13,493 per capita. The goal of this study was to assess which allocations by Depts of Parks and Recreation are related to health outcomes. We tested the association between per capita spending in programming, maintenance, and total spending in 2022 by Depts. of Parks and Recreation in 10 Southern California cities and health outcomes among 732,504 adult members of Kaiser Permanente in 2022-2023 accounting for multiple factors. For every $30 per capita spent on programming, the prevalence ratios were lower: 0.87 for stroke (CI 0.84-0.90), 0.87 for heart failure (CI 0.84-0.89), 0.92 for atrial fibrillation (CI 0.90-0.95), 0.93 for coronary heart disease (CI 0.91-0.95), 0.94 for obesity (CI 0.93-0.95), 0.96 for type 2 diabetes (CI 0.95-0.97), and 0.96 for hypertension (CI 0.96-0.97). It is likely that programming has a stronger relationship than park maintenance with health outcomes because sports, exercise classes, and events (5 K walks and runs) more strongly attract park visitors and support physical activity (PA). While this novel study is promising, a longitudinal study is needed to prove causality.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Urban Health is the premier and authoritative source of rigorous analyses to advance the health and well-being of people in cities. The Journal provides a platform for interdisciplinary exploration of the evidence base for the broader determinants of health and health inequities needed to strengthen policies, programs, and governance for urban health.
The Journal publishes original data, case studies, commentaries, book reviews, executive summaries of selected reports, and proceedings from important global meetings. It welcomes submissions presenting new analytic methods, including systems science approaches to urban problem solving. Finally, the Journal provides a forum linking scholars, practitioners, civil society, and policy makers from the multiple sectors that can influence the health of urban populations.