Nanotechnology Based Topical Insulin Delivery System: Promising Role in Diabetic Wound Healing.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by elevated blood glucose levels, leading to widespread systemic and localised complications, including weakened wound healing. Diabetic wounds, particularly diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), are related to delayed healing, chronic inflammation, and increased risk of amputation. Key pathological factors include hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, neuropathy, immune dysfunction, and impaired angiogenesis. Among various therapeutic approaches, topical insulin has emerged as a promising strategy to accelerate wound repair in diabetic patients. Insulin's ability to regulate glucose metabolism, promote angiogenesis, and stimulate cellular repair mechanisms underscores its potential role in tissue regeneration. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have further improved the targeted delivery and sustained insulin release at wound sites. These nanotherapeutics enhance drug efficacy, cell specificity, and controlled release, fostering rapid and efficient tissue repair. Future research focusing on optimised formulations, personalised treatment approaches, and clinical validation could revolutionise the management of diabetic wounds, improve patient outcomes, and reduce complications associated with chronic diabetes.