"Ocular Surface Disorders in Children": A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management.

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive overview of Pediatric ocular surface disorders (OSD), encompassing their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and evolving management strategies.

Methods: A narrative review of current literature was conducted, synthesizing data from clinical studies, case series, and expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Pediatric OSD. Emphasis was placed on recent therapeutic advancements and multidisciplinary approaches to care.

Results: Pediatric OSD comprises a heterogeneous group of infectious, inflammatory, allergic, and traumatic conditions. Management varies by severity, ranging from conservative approaches such as lubricants and antihistamines to advanced therapies including immunomodulators, amniotic membrane transplantation, and keratoprosthesis. Novel treatments such as cytokine-targeted biologics, stem cell-based therapies, and scleral contact lenses are expanding therapeutic options. Early and accurate diagnosis, alongside individualized care plans, are critical for preserving ocular surface integrity and preventing long-term complications.

Conclusions: Management of Pediatric OSD requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach. Growing awareness among clinicians, along with the integration of novel therapeutics, holds promise for improved patient outcomes. Standardized management protocols and continued research into emerging therapies are essential to optimize ocular health and quality of life in children affected by OSD.